Pope Pius XII (Italian: Pio XII), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958), reigned as Pope from 2 March 1939 to his death in 1958. Nationalistic Germans objected to the Polish nuncio supervising local elections, and patriotic Poles were upset because he curtailed political action among the clergy. He concluded eighteen such treaties during the course of his pontificate. Pius XI aimed to end the long breach between the papacy and the Italian government and to gain recognition once more of the sovereign independence of the Holy See. This encyclical was drafted by a Jesuit name Fr. [36], The next year, the Vatican was successful in lobbying the Mussolini regime to require Catholic religious education in all schools, even those with a majority of Protestants or Jews. In the East, the Soviet Union arose. [29] Within the Catholic Church several conflicting views had developed. Pius XI's successor, Pius XII, who was not aware of the text before the death of his predecessor,[99] chose not to publish it. The pope joked with them, saying, "Well, today I gave you the red hat, but soon it will be white for one of you. [47], From the earliest days of the Nazi takeover in Germany, the Vatican was taking diplomatic action to attempt to defend the Jews of Germany. [20], It was said after the dean Cardinal Vincenzo Vannutelli asked if he assented to the election that Ratti paused in silence for two minutes according to Cardinal Désiré-Joseph Mercier. The income largely paid for the upkeep of the expensive-to-maintain stock of historic buildings in the Vatican which until 1870 had been maintained through funds raised from the Papal States. Private property loses its morality, if it is not subordinated to the common good. After years of negotiation, in 1929, the Pope supervised the signing of the Lateran Treaties with the Italian government. What pope came after pope pius XI? [18] Ratti received a tumultuous welcome on a visit to his home town Desio, and was enthroned in Milan on 8 September. Pope Pius XI (Italian: Pio XI), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti[a] (Italian: [amˈbrɔ:dʒo daˈmja:no aˈkille ˈratti]; 31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939), was head of the Catholic Church from 6 February 1922 to his death in 1939. It does not condemn racialism or racism, in fact, it upholds the sanity of a ethnic German homeland that the Nazis wanted, condemning only the non-Catholic nature of it all. In March, Pope Pius XI issued the Mit brennender Sorge encyclical – accusing the Nazi Government of violations of the 1933 Concordat, and further that it was sowing the "tares of suspicion, discord, hatred, calumny, of secret and open fundamental hostility to Christ and His Church". Pius XII, then Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, Secretary of State to Pope Pius XI, made prophetic remarks in confidence to his friend Count Enrico Pietro Galeazzi. Pius XI had been ill for some time when, on 25 November 1938, he suffered two heart attacks within several hours. Despite these public comments, Pius was reported to have suggested privately that the Church's problems in those three countries were "reinforced by the anti-Christian spirit of Judaism". The Reichskonkordat was signed by Pacelli and by the German government in June 1933, and included guarantees of liberty for the Church, independence for Catholic organisations and youth groups, and religious teaching in schools. Pius XI continued the approach of Benedict XV on the issue of how to deal with the threat of modernism in Catholic theology. [97], Pius XI planned an encyclical Humani generis unitas (The Unity of the Human Race) to denounce racism in the US, Europe and elsewhere, as well as antisemitism, colonialism and violent German nationalism. [15] Benedict, however, needed Ratti as a diplomat, not as a martyr, and forbade his traveling into the USSR despite his being the official papal delegate for Russia. Dollfuss suppressed the anti-clerical elements and the socialists, but was assassinated by the Austrian Nazis in 1934. Pius XI had been ill for some time when, on 25 November 1938, he suffered two heart attacks within several hours. [31], Pius XI believed that industrialization results in less freedom at the individual and communal level, because numerous free social entities get absorbed by larger ones. The Vatican refused to comply and thereafter Mussolini began to work with Hitler, adopting his anti-Semitic and race theories. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! [100], The Pope's last audible words were reported to have been: "peace, peace" as he died. [ 121 ], the Nazis in 1934 very demanding individual, certainly one of the individual had... 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